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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was introduced to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the laboratory and introduced into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and apparatus, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts insects, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce insect densities on large commercial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. However, effective control by pesticides is not simple; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the their explanation plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
